
سنتور، سازیست به شکل ذوزنقه متساویالساقین، که جزو سازهای زهی مضرابی مطلق محسوب می شود. در این مطلب به معرفی ساز سنتور، ساختمان و تاریخچه آن خواهیم پرداخت:
تاریخچه ساز سنتور
از تاریخچه ساز سنتور پیش از دوران قاجار اطلاعات دقیقی در دست نیست. عده ای این ساز را به ابونصرفارابی نسبت داده اند. که از ایشان در این مورد به صورت مکتوب سندی مشاهده نشده است. اما در متون ادبی کهن از نام این ساز در ابیاتی مانند بیت زیر یاد شده است.
«کبک ناقوس زن و شارک، سنتور زن است فاخته، نای زن و بط شده طنبور زنا»
جنس بدنه سنتور
همانطور که پیش تر گفته شد، این ساز به شکل ذوزنقه متساوی الساقین است. که در ساخت آن چوب و فلز به کار می رود. برای ساخت سنتور از چوب های محکم مانند گردو، توت آزاد و فوفل استفاده می شود. ساز سنتور ۷۲ سیم دارد که ۳۶ سیم آن در گروه های چهارتایی روی ۹ خرک سمت راست قرار دارند و رنگشان قرمز (از آلیاژهای مس یا برنج) است و ۳۶ سیم در گروه های چهارتایی روی خرک سمت چپ قرار دارند که رنگشان سفید (فلزی) می باشد.
ساختمان سنتور
سنتور نیز مانند سازهای دیگر، در اندازه های گوناگونی ساخته می شود، اما سنتوری که در اینجا بررسی می کنیم، ساز سنتور معمول و تثبیت شده ی نُه خرک سل کوک است (خرک سوم آن سل نام دارد و صدای سل می دهد).
اجزاء اصلی این ساز عبارتند از: جعبه ی صوتی، خرک، گوشی و سیمگیر و شیطانک.

جعبه صوتی
جعبه صوتی این ساز دو صفحه ی ذوزنقه شکل هستند که با کلاف های چهارگانه جانبی به یک دیگر متصل شده اند. معمولاً ضلع بزرگ تر این ساز حدود ۹۳ تا ۹۰ و ضلع کوچک تر آن ۵۷ سانتی متر و ارتفاع سطوح جانبی هر یک ۵ سانتی متر و قاعده آن ۲۶ سانتی متر است. ضخامت صفحه بالایی این ساز ۵ الی ۶ و صفحه پایینی ۸ الی ۱۰ میلی متر است. صفحه ی رو از مرغوب ترین قسمت چوب انتخاب می شود که دو گل مشبک در طرفین صفحه برای زیبایی ایجاد میکنند و دو ردیف نه تایی خرک در طرفین صفحه برای عبور سیم ها می گذارند.
داخل جعبه صوتی ساز سنتور پل هایی استوانه ای شکل ۵ میلی متری (حدودا به قطر یک مداد) بین ضخامت زیر و رو در محل هایی که توسط سازنده بسته به بافت و قطر صفحه زیر و روی ساز معین می کند قرار می دهند. وظیفه پل ها کنترل فشار صفحه رویی می باشد و از نشت کردن و تغییر شکل یافتن آن جلوگیری می کند. همچنین پل ها در تعادل و رنگ صدای ساز نیز مؤثرند.
خرک
سیم ها از روی هر خرک به صورت یک گروه چهارتایی (که هم صدا کوک شده اند) می گذارند. بر روی هر خرک مفتولی فلزی از نوع ساچمه وجود دارد که از تماس سیم با چوب جلوگیری کرده و به این ترتیب صدای سیم ها شفاف تر به گوش می رسند.

گوشیها
گوشی های سنتور، ۷۲ میله از جنس فولاد یا فلزات ضد زنگ هستند. که در ردیف های چهارتایی (جمعا ۱۸ ردیف) در داخل بدنه کلاف سمت راست ساز قرار گرفتهاند.
سیمگیر
سیم ها از طرفی به گوشی و از طرفی به ۷۲ مفتول فلزی کوچک که به آن ها سیمگیر می گویند، متصل میشوند. سیم گیر ها در ردیف های چهارتایی در بدنه ی کلاف سمت چپ قرار دارند.
شیطانک
دو قطعه چوب باریک، بلند و کم ارتفاع به طول قاعده ذوزنقه می باشد. که در طرفین راست و چپ صفحه ی رویی سنتور چسبانده میشوند. همچنین دارای شیارهایی است که سیم ها از روی آن گذر می کنند.

نحوه کوک کردن سنتور
این ساز را به صورت نشسته، درحالی که ضلع بزرگ تر آن به صورت افقی در مقابل نوازنده قرار بگیرد، با دو مضراب چوبی می نوازند. کوک سیم ها از طریق وسیله ای T شکل به نام کلید کوک یا آچار کوک انجام میشود، به بیانی دیگر با آچار کوک گوشی ها چرخانده میشود. در سال های اخیر توسط داوود غلامی سیستم روان کوک به جای سیستم کوک سنتی این ساز جایگزین شده که اصطکاک بین گوشی و چوب را از بین برده و دقت کوک ساز بالاتر و کوک کردن آسان تر شده است.
نوازندگان سنتور
از نوازندگان این ساز (پس از استاد حبیب سماعی) میتوان به نام های ابوالحسن صبا، حسین صبا، رضا ورزنده، فضل الله توکل، فرامرز پایور، منصور صارمی، میلاد کیایی، مجید کیانی، پشنگ کامکار، پرویز مشکاتیان، رضا شفیعیان، مسعود شناسا، مجید نجاحی و اردوان کامکار نام برد.
همچنین شما میتوانید با مراجعه به صفحه خرید سنتور قیمت سنتور های فروشگاه سازژوست را مشاهده نموده و برای خرید آن ها اقدام نمایید.
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