
سازهای بادی دسته ای از ساز ها هستند که از مجرا ها و لوله های توخالی تشکیل شده اند؛ در این ساز ها بر اثر دمیدن نوازنده درون ساز و تغییر فشار و جریان هوا درون آن ها، صدا تولید می شود. برخی از سازهای بادی دریچه ها و یا دکمه هایی دارند که با استفاده از آن ها می توان گام موسیقی را تغییر داد. ساز های بادی در گذشته همگی از چوب ساخته می شدند اما امروزه این سازها از چوب یا آلیاژهای فلزی گوناگون مانند برنج ساخته می شوند.
این ساز ها جزء اولین سازهایی هستند که توسط انسان ها ساخته شده است. رفته رفته بشر آموخت که با دمیدن در مخروط، برگ و شاخ حیوانات می توانند صدا تولید کنند. با استفاده از همین آموخته شروع به ساختن ساز های بادی کردند و آن ها را در موسیقی های مختلف استفاده کردند.
سازهای بادی به دو دسته سازهای بادی چوبی و سازهای بادی برنجی تقسیم می شوند. نکته قابل توجه این است که در ساز های بادی چوبی صدایی به مراتب نرم و کدر تولید می شود اما در سازهای بادی برنجی به طور کلی صدای تیز و درخشان تری تولید می شود. سازهای بادی در کنسرت ها، ارکستر ها و سبک های موسیقی مانند پاپ، جاز و … استفاده می شوند.

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این سازها در ابعاد گوناگون ساخته می شوند. هرچه حجم و ابعاد این سازها بیشتر می شود، محدوده صوتی بم تر و هرچه کوچکتر می شوند، محدوده صوتی زیرتری خواهند داشت.
همانطور که گفتیم این ساز ها به دو دسته تقسیم می شوند: ساز های بادی چوبی و ساز های بادی برنجی.
نام گذاری چوبی و برنجی به این معنا نیست که ساز های آن دسته از چوب یا برنج ساخته شده اند. ساز فلوت جزء دسته سازهای بادی چوبی است اما بدنه آن از فلز ساخته شده است و ساز ساکسیفون از برنج ساخته می شود اما در دسته سازهای بادی چوبی قرار می گیرد.
نام گذاری این دسته ها بر اساس چگونگی تولید صدا می باشد. در سازهای بادی چوبی صدا در اثر لرزش قمیش یا لبه دهنی تولید می شود و در ساز بادی برنجی صدا از طریق لرزیدن لب نوازنده درون کاسه دهنی ساز تولید می شود.
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روی بدنه سازهای این دسته لوله های تو خالی وجود دارد که به آن ها تیغه های هوایی گفته می شود. در واقع با دمیدن درون ساز و به ارتعاش درآمدن این لوله ها صدا تولید می شود. از سازهای مشهور این دسته می توان ساز فلوت، ابوا، کلارینت و در سازهای ایرانی نی را نام برد.
بعضی از این سازها، انتقالی هستند مانند کلارینت سی بمل که درواقع وقتی نوازنده نت دو را بر روی ساز خود اجرا میکند حاصل صوتی آن سی بمل خواهد بود.

سازهای بادی چوبی قمیش دار تک زبانه
در این سازها یک قمیش تک زبانه بر روی سرساز قرار می گیرد. قمیش در واقع وسیله ای چوبی است که تغییر فشار هوا میان این وسیله و سر ساز، باعث تولید صدا در ساز می شود. پس از آن جریان هوای فشرده شده به ساز منتقل می شود تا صدای نهایی ساز تولید شود.
سازهای بادی چوبی قمیش دار دو زبانه
روی سر این ساز ها یک قمیش دو زبانه قرار دارد. قمیش دوزبانه وسیله ای چوبی است که از دو تکه چوب به هم متصل شده، ساخته می شود. فشردگی هوا بین این دو تکه چوب باعث تولید صدا در این وسیله می شود و هوای فشده شده آن به ساختمان ساز منتقل شده و صدای اصلی ساز تولید می شود.
ساز بادی چوبی بدون قمیش
صدا در این ساز ها با دمیدن مناسب هوا در سرساز تولید می شود. فلوت نمونه ای از این ساز ها می باشد.

سازهای بادی برنجی
در سازهای این دسته، نوازنده با استفاده از لب خود، درون کاسه دهنی ساز ارتعاش ایجاد کرده و باعث تولید صدا می شود. هرچقدر دهانه ساز گودتر باشد، صدای تولید شده بم تر می شود. لوله های سازهای بادی برنجی، حالت مخروطی داشته و حداقل دوبار خمیدگی دارند؛ همچنین شکل لوله ها در تمامی نقاط ساز یکسان نیست و می توانند مانند قیف یا فنجان باشند.
این دسته شامل سازهای معروفی چون ترومپت،ترومبون، هورن و … می شود که در میان آنها، زیرترین صدا را ترومپت دارد.
نکته قابل توجه در بیشتر این سازها انتقالی بودن آنها می باشد. در سازهای انتقالی (Transpose instrument) نت هایی که نوازنده در ساز خود اجرا می کند، با نت های عمومی ارکستر که به آن Concert pitch گفته می شود، فاصله دارد و آهنگساران باید برای نت نویسی این سازها این انتقال ها را در نظر بگیرند.
شما می توانید جهت مشاهده قیمت و خرید ساز های بادی کلیک نمایید.
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